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As part of our image quality testing for the Nikon D5100, we've shot our resolution chart with a Sigma 50mm f/1.4 EX DG HSM lens mounted.
If you view our crops of the resolution chart's central section at 100% (or Actual Pixels) you will see that, for example, at ISO 100 the Nikon D5100 is capable of resolving up to around 26 (line widths per picture height x100) in its raw files and 24 (LWPPH x100)in its highest quality JPEG files.
Examining images of the chart taken at each sensitivity setting reveals the following resolution scores in line widths per picture height x100:
JPEG images
ISO 100 JPEG score: 24, full image
ISO 200 JPEG score: 24, full image
ISO 400 JPEG score: 24, full image
ISO 800 JPEG score: 24, full image
ISO 1600 JPEG score: 24, full image
ISO 3200 JPEG score: 22, full image
ISO 6400 JPEG score: 20, full image
Hi 0.3EV over ISO 6400 score: 20, full image
Hi 0.7EV over ISO 6400 score: 20, full image
Hi 1EV over ISO 6400 score: 20, full image
Hi 2EV over ISO 6400 score: 18, full image
Raw images
ISO 100 raw score: 26, full image
ISO 200 raw score: 26, full image
ISO 400 raw score: 26, full image
ISO 800 raw score: 24, full image
ISO 1600 raw score: 24, full image
ISO 3200 raw score: 22, full image
ISO 6400 raw score: 22, full image
Hi 0.3EV over ISO 6400 raw score: 20, full image
Hi 0.7EV over ISO 6400 raw score: 20, full image
Hi 1EV over ISO 6400 raw score: 20, full image
Hi 2EV over ISO 6400 raw score: 18/20, full image